Three simple chords of Alternative "PageObjects

Three simple chords of Alternative
“PageObjects” and Hardcore of
LoadableComponents
Iakiv Kramarenko

Conventions :)
● Sympathy colors***:
Green =
Orange =
Red =
*** often are subjective and applied to specific context ;)

● At project with no Web UI automation, no unit testing
● With 4(5) Manual QA
– Using checklists + long detailed End to End test cases
● With 1 QA Automation found

Testing single page web app
● Ajax
● only <div>, <a>, <input>
– Inconsistent implementation
● No confident urls
● One current Frame/Page with content per user step
– Deep structure:
● Authorization > Menus > SubMenus > Tabs > Extra > Extra
– Modal dialogs

Met Requirements
● Automate high level scenarios
– use AC from stories
– existed Manual Scenarios
●
Use 3rd
party solutions
– Java Desired
● Involve Manual QA
– provide easy to use solution
– BDD Desired
● In Tough Deadlines :)

Dreaming of framework...
● Fast in development
– Using instruments quite agile to adapt to project specifics
● Extremely easy to use and learn
● With DRY and handy
page loading
● Simple DSL for tests
● BDD – light and DRY as
much as possible

Choosing Programming Paradigm
For WebUI Automation
Based on https://bitbucket.org/yashaka/oopbucket/src

OOP or not to OOP
That is the question

OOP can impose you to
● Learn much
– Concept itself
– Design Patterns
● Have bulky structured implementation
– Coupled via inheritance
– Having too many layers of abstractions
● Work harder to implement DSL
Do you need this?

OOP can give you
● Batch common operations on pages/steps ***
E.g.
– Reporting per steps
– abstract open() per page
– abstract getExpectedElements() per page
● Obligations over conventions
● Certainty in future refactoring
Do you need this?

Sometimes...
● Batch/common operations may be redundant for pages/steps
– Sufficient reporting can be implemented in low-level libraries
– “batch” open() may be called on LoadableComponent separately
– IHaveExpectedElements may give no advantages for smoke
testing in your project
● And still can be implemented separately in e.g.
LoadableComponent
● Or via Reflection
– Some “common” implementation can be moved from pages to
“widgets” and still be implemented with OOP

Sometimes...
● Conventions can be very easy
● No severe refactoring is coming
– Test Automation Project is not a NASA Space Shuttle ;).

Procedural
Functional
OOP
And
Balance!

public class LoginClassicPageObject extends BasePage {
@FindBy(css = "#login-form")
private WebElement container;
@FindBy(name = "username")
private WebElement usernameField;
@FindBy(name = "password")
private WebElement passwordField;
@FindBy(css = ".ui-button[value='Log in']")
private WebElement loginButton;
public void WebElement getContainer(){
return container;
}
@Override
public void open(String baseurl) {
driver.get(baseurl);
}
public void doLogin(String login, String pass){
usernameField.sendKeys(login);
passwordField.sendKeys(pass);
loginButton.click();
}
public LoginClassicPageObject(
WebDriver driver, String baseurl) {
PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
this.driver = driver;
this.baseurl = baseurl;
}
private String baseurl;
private WebDriver driver;
}

public class LoginSelenidePageObject extends BasePage {
private final String container = "#login-form";
private final By username = By.name("username");
private final By password = By.name("password");
private final String loginButton = ".ui-button[value='Log in']";
public void SelenideElement getContainer(){
return $(container);
}
@Override
open(baseurl);
}
public void doLogin(String login, String password){
$(username).setValue(login);
$(password).sendKeys(password);
$(loginButton).click();
}
public LoginSelenidePageObject(String baseurl) {
}
}

public class LoginSelenidePageObject2 extends BasePage {
public void SelenideElement сontainer(){ return $("#login-form");}
public void SelenideElement usernameField(){ return $(By.name("username"));}
public void SelenideElement passwordField(){ return $(By.name("password"));}
public void SelenideElement loginButton(){ return $(".ui-button[value='Log in']");}
@Override
open(baseurl);
}
public void doLogin(String login, String password){
usernameField().setValue(login);
passwordField().setValue(password);
loginButton.click();
}
public LoginSelenidePageObject(String baseurl) {
}
}

“Procedural” approach to
implement “PageObjects”

PageUtils
public class Login{
public static void open(String baseurl) {
Selenide.open(baseurl);
}
public static SelenideElement container() { return $("#login-form");}
public static SelenideElement usernameField(){ return $(By.name("username"));}
public static SelenideElement passwordField(){ return $(By.name("password"));}
public static SelenideElement loginButton(){ return $(".ui-button[value='Log in']");}
public static void doLogin(String login, String password){
loginButton().click();
}
}
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Or...
public class Login{
public static void open(String baseurl) {
Selenide.open(baseurl);
}
public static final String container = "#login-form";
public static final By username = By.name("username");
public static final By password = By.name("password");
public static final String loginButton = ".ui-button[value='Log in']";
public static void doLogin(String login, String password){
$(username).setValue(login);
$(password).sendKeys(password);
$(loginButton).click();
}
}
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PageUtils usage
Login.open(baseurl);
Login.doLogin(username, password);
Home.addProduct("Product_1");
UserPanel.doLogout();
Login.container().shouldBe(visible);
PageObjects usage
loginPage = new LoginPage(baseurl);
loginPage.open();
loginPage.doLogin(username, password);
homePage = new HomePage();
homePage.addProduct("Product_1");
homePage.doLogout();
loginPage.getContainer().shouldBe(visible);
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Three Chords of “Procedural”
PageUtils :)

1. Abstraction
Factor out implementation details into helper methods
doLogin(username, password);
public static void doLogin(String login, String
password){
loginButton().click();
}
public static SelenideElement usernameField(){
return $(By.name("username"));
}

2. Modularity
Collect your helpers in classes of correspondent context

3. Try to Be “Functional”
– write functions returning result only based on passed
parameters
– write smaller functions and use them in a 'chain':
select(dropdownIn(userPanel()), “En”)
– Instead of
selectLanguageDropdownInUserPanel(“En”)
– Use Composition over Inheritance

P.S. Be smart ;)
– You can't use inheritance.
● If you have any conventions you need to remember to
follow them

When Use?
● Need to involve and teach Manual/Junior Automation QA
● Need a fast solution
● Language support Functional Paradigm
– At least first-class functions
● You know what you do:)

When maybe not use?
● All committers to test framework are either Senior QA
Automation or Developers
● No need to teach Manual QA/Juniors
● No tough deadlines
● Java (only)

When not use?
● Your are Junior/Middle
– And/Or Manager/Lead/Dev says: OOP or DIE! :)
● You can't predict what features your framework may need
in future

This is how
your test
model may
look

“What are those classes
in pagegetters
package?”
:)

Here come
Loadable Components...
public abstract class SimpleLoadableComponent {
public void get() {
try {
isLoaded();
} catch (Error e) {
load();
isLoaded();
}
}
protected abstract void load();
protected abstract void isLoaded() throws Error;
}

From :(
Login.open(baseurl);
Home.open(username, password);
Home.ensureHasProduct("Product_1");
Product.open("Product_1");
ProductTestTables.open();
ProductTestTables.addCategoryButton().shouldBe
(visible);

Technically To
(new ProductTestTablesPage(
new ProductPage(
new HomePage(
new LoginPage(baseurl),
username, password),
"Product_1"))).get();

Actually To :)
ProductTestTables.page("Product_1").get();

Selenium LoadableComponent
public abstract class LoadableComponent<T extends LoadableComponent<T>> {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public T get() {
try {
isLoaded();
return (T) this;
} catch (Error e) {
load();
}
isLoaded();
return (T) this;
}
protected abstract void isLoaded() throws Error;
}

Ajax?
> Selenium SlowLoadableComponent
Calm down, no code, just link:)
● (c) A LoadableComponent which might not have finished
loading when load() returns. After a call to load(), the isLoaded()
method should continue to fail until the component has fully
loaded.

Once you need some abstract
classes to DRY your code...
public abstract class
AbstractPage<T extends SlowLoadableComponent<T>>
extends SlowLoadableComponent<T>{
O_O

Typical isLoaded()
Implementations

'url-based' isLoaded implementation
protected void isLoaded() throws Error {
String url = driver.getCurrentUrl();
assertTrue(url.contains(pageUrl));
}

If you want to identify pages by actual
content
protected void isLoaded() throws Error {
try {
WebElement div = driver.findElement(By.id("login-select"));
} catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
fail("Cannot locate user name link");
}
}

Once you use @FindBy
public void isLoaded() throws Error {
if (loginButton != null) {
assertElementIsDisplayed(loginButton);
} else {
fail("Login button is not loaded");
}
}

Typical Selenide isLoaded()
implementation
public void isLoaded(){
Login.container().shouldBe(visible);
}

Selenide LoadableComponent
public abstract class SelenideLoadableComponent {
public void get() {
long originalTimeout = Configuration.timeout;
try {
Configuration.timeout = 0;
isLoaded();
Configuration.timeout = originalTimeout;
} catch (Error e) {
Configuration.timeout = originalTimeout;
load();
isLoaded();
}
}
protected abstract void isLoaded();
}
“slow”,
ajax-friendly
by default
“no”
<T extends
Madness>

If you wish...
public abstract class AbstractPage extends
SelenideLoadableComponent {
public abstract void isLoaded();
}
Home.page().get();
doCrazyStuff();
Home.page().isLoaded() // still?

Initialize
public class ProductPage extends SelenideLoadablePage{
private HomePage parent;
protected String productName;
public ProductPage(HomePage parent, String productName){
this.parent = parent;
this.productName = productName;
}
….

Load
protected void load() {
parent.get();
Home.ensureHasProduct(productName);
Product.open(productName);
}

isLoaded()
public void isLoaded() {
Breadcrumb.productLink(productName).shouldBe(visible);
Product.testTableItem().shouldBe(visible);
}

Factory
public class Product {
public static ProductPage page(String productName){
return new ProductPage(Home.page(), productName);
}
…
}

If it would be so
“simple”...

But it would not :p
public class AuthorizedPage extends AbstractPage {
protected AbstractPage parent;
private String username;
private String password;
public AuthorizedPage(
LoginPage parent, String username, String password) {
this.username = username;
this.password = password;
}
public AuthorizedPage(AuthorizedPage parent){
}
...

Initialize
public class ProductPage extends AuthorizedPage{
protected String productName;
public ProductPage(HomePage parent, String productName){
super(parent);
this.productName = productName;
}
public ProductPage(ProductPage parent){ //It's possible to “load” page from itself
super(parent);
this.productName = parent.getProductName();
}
….

Load
protected void load() {
parent.get();
if (parent instanceof ProductPage) {
Breadcrumb.productLink(((ProductPage) parent).getProductName()).click();
} else { //parent instanceof HomePage
Home.ensureHasProduct(productName);
Product.open(productName);
}
}

Though...
The beast is not so scary after you write up to 10 first Lions
Components :)

And
You still can live only with PageUtils and keep LoadableComponents
as options to be implemented by crazy devs:)
QA Dev

scenario "Surf Pages", {
where "Page is #page", {
page = [ Login.page(),
Home.page(),
Settings.page(),
Login.page(Authorized.page()),
Product.page(TEST_PRODUCT),
Login.page(Authorized.page()),
Settings.page(),
Product.page(Home.page(Settings.page()), "Product_1"),
Product.page(Product.page(TEST_PRODUCT)),
ProductTestTables.page(TEST_PRODUCT),
Login.page(Authorized.page())]
}
then "go to #page", { page.get() }
}
Bonus :)

When Maybe Use?
● No confident urls
● Complex “deep” page hierarchy
● Authorization > Menus > SubMenus > Tabs > Extra >
Extra...

When Use?
● Desired dependent End to End scenarios with “walking
through pages” feature
– emulating real user experience
– big amount of such test cases

When maybe not use?
● Too many ways to load the same page
● Though you still can implement LC for 1 way, if you
need to use it often.
● Too many pages, especially “visible” at the same time

When not use?
● URL-based loading is enough
– Or work around via custom JS load helpers is enough
● what is true for most cases...
● Have no “deep” pages

● PageUtils:
class Login
– Page smart loader:
Login.page().get()
– Page root html element:
Login.container()
– Method to open Page once preconditions satisfied:
Login.open()
– Page elements:
Login.signInButton()
– Page business steps:
Login.doLogin(“guest”, “1234”)
● LoadableComponent:
class LoginPage
isLoaded()
load()
Conventions

LoadableComponent
● Is not PageObject
– Though you can integrate it into PageObject, violating Single
Responsibility principle
● It's an object incapsulating page loading logic.
– Initializing the “loading way” through LC constructor
● It's possible also to move logic into separate loadable
components fro each “way”, though this may lead to
overcomplicated hierarchy
– choosing the “way” in load() implementation
– And then just get() your page

LoadableComponent Integration
● PageUtils + LoadableComponent
– Two classes instead of one
● PageObject + LoadableComponent
– May be harder to achieve friendly tests code
● PageObject extends LoadableComponent
– Bulky
– Harder to explain to juniors/interns
– Violates Single Responsibility Principle

LoadableComponent Factory
Too more calls to page() ?
Use Singleton Pattern

PageUtils
Page elements as functions
public static SelenideElement usernameField(){
return $(By.name("username"));
}
…
Login.usernameField().setVal("guest");
Page elements as locators
public static final By usernameField = By.name("username");
…
$(Login.usernameField).setVal("guest");
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Functional “Scales”
● Main cons of Procedural approach is that it may be not
DRY
● In most cases you can fix this with high-order functions in
much more concise way than with OOP
– Though less obvious for non-FP user

Ideas for improvements
● Use Groovy as main language
– in order to simplify implementation.
– Finally Java is the OOP language
● and not adapted for both procedural and functional styles.
– In Groovy OOP may be not “bulky”
● and with some functional & metaprogramming features you
can achieve the same level of simplicity still powerful
– and easy to explain to juniors “how to use” (though not
“how to understand details”)

Resources, Links
● Src of example test framework:
https://github.com/yashaka/gribletest
● Programming Paradigms Comparison:
https://bitbucket.com/yashaka/oopbucket/src
● Functional Thinking articles:
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/views/java/libraryview.jsp?search_by=fun
● Application under test used in easyb examples:
http://grible.org/download.php
● Instruments
– http://selenide.org/
– http://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/LoadableComponent

● To Artem Chernysh for implementation of main base part
of the test framework for this presentation
– https://github.com/elaides/gribletest
● To Maksym Barvinskyi for application under test
– http://grible.org/

Contacts
● yashaka@gmail.com
● skype: yashaolin
● twitter: @yashaka
● http://www.linkedin.com/in/iakivkramarenko

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