R. Klingbeil, 2014. Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery: Regional Experiences and Needs for Further Cooperation and Knowledge Exchanges in the Arab Region.
Klingbeil, R., 2014. Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery: Regional Experiences and Needs for Further Cooperation and Knowledge Exchanges in the Arab Region. Presentation at the Water Science and Technology (WSTA), 11th Gulf Water Conference (GWC), Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014.
Similar to R. Klingbeil, 2014. Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery: Regional Experiences and Needs for Further Cooperation and Knowledge Exchanges in the Arab Region.
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R. Klingbeil, 2014. Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery: Regional Experiences and Needs for Further Cooperation and Knowledge Exchanges in the Arab Region.
1. MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE – AQUIFER STORAGE AND
RECOVERY: REGIONAL EXPERIENCES AND NEEDS FOR
FURTHER COOPERATION AND KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGES IN
THE ARAB REGION
Ralf Klingbeil, Regional Advisor Environment and Water
WSTA, 11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
UN Economic And Social Commission For Western Asia
2. Page 2
Outline
• Managed Aquifer Recharge /
Aquifer Storage and Recovery:
• Why?
• How?
• Examples from the Arab Region
• Conclusions and Recommendations
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
3. Page 3
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Reasons for
Managed Aquifer Recharge
• Strategic water reserve for emergency situations
• Short-term or seasonal peak demands
• Reducing runoff losses
• Preparation for drought periods / dry years
• Vulnerability of desalination to pollution / algae
• Constant desalination production vs. variable demands
• Recharging / improving brackish groundwater
• Preventing / reversing saltwater intrusion /
controlling salinity upconing
• Injection / infiltration of excess rain / flood waters
• Intermediate storage of Treated Sewage Effluent (TSE)
- mainly for agriculture or industrial uses
• Avoiding potential evaporation losses from dams
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
4. Page 4
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Another Attempt for a Definition
Human enhanced and managed
groundwater recharge
[with the purpose of later abstraction or use either
as a fresh groundwater resource or as hydraulic
barrier against other threats such as seawater or
saline water intrusion].
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
5. Page 5
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Using the Groundwater Buffer Wisely:
Overview
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
UNESCO, 2005.
6. Page 6
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
What falls under
Managed Aquifer Recharge?
Sub type
Induced bank infiltration
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre,
2007, www.un-igrac.org
Technology
AS(TR)
ASR
Spreading methods
infiltration ponds & basins
flooding
ditch, furrow, drains
irrigation
sand dams
channel spreading
Well, shaft and borehole
recharge
deep well injection
shallow well/ shaft/ pit infiltration
Runoff harvesting
barriers and bunds
trenches
Techniques referring primarily to
getting water infiltrated
Techniques referring
primarily to intercepting
the water
In-channel modifications
recharge dams
sub surface dams
7. Page 7
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
What includes
Managed Aquifer Recharge?
• Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR):
“well/borehole is used for both
injection and recovery, costs
are minimised and clogging is
removed during the recovery cycle.”
• Aquifer Storage Transfer and Recovery (ASTR):
“Water can be injected into a borehole and
recovered from another, some distance away,
to increase travel time and benefit from water
treatment capacity
of the aquifer”
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
UNESCO, 2005.
8. Page 8
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Challenges:
Technological, Scientific
• Groundwater level rise:
• risk of flooding, esp. in case of unconfined aquifers
• Hydrochemical mixing:
• risk of precipitation causing clogging of
well screens or aquifer pore space
• risk of mineral dissolution causing mobilization of
harmful substances or development of cavities
• System efficiencies:
• injected vs. recovered volumes
• Health risks:
• potential risks to human health when
injecting / infiltrating treated sewage effluent,
mobilizing minerals from the aquifer matrix
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
9. Page 9
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Challenges:
Socio-Economic Viability
• Investigation of economic alternatives:
• cost of surface vs. groundwater storage
• direct use of TSE vs. intermediate storage
• infrastructure, access to injection / recovery sites
• compromise between deep groundwater table to prevent flooding
and shallow to reduce energy costs for pumping
• alternative feasibility studies
• environmental costs – environmental impact assessments
• System efficiencies:
• injected vs. recovered volumes
• Social acceptance:
• health and environmental risk analysis
• awareness raising campaigns
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
10. Page 10
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Challenges:
Governance, Regulations
• Are all necessary laws, regulations and guidelines in place
and officially approved to ensure prevention of negative
impacts on the groundwater, ecosystems, water users, the
people?
• Accountable and transparent decision making
… and tendering processes?
• Do we have mechanisms in place to allow for participation
and constructive criticism?
• International / national advisory bodies with multi-sectoral
experiences?
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
11. Page 11
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Examples
from the Region
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
www.escwa.un.org
12. Page 12
Bahrain
Isa Town:
Storm Water Runoff
• Unique gravity-fed aquifer recharge
system:
• Gulleys, catch pits, delivery pipes, oil
trap, filter chamber, and recharge well
• Direct urban storm water flows from
suitable low points to targeted Khobar
aquifer
• Estimated 1,389 m3 recharged
• Water level rise 0.6 m
• Reduced salinity
• Necessity for monitoring potentially
harmful substances (esp. nickel, zinc,
copper)
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
Al-Noaimi, 2010
13. Page 13
Bahrain
Potential
Larger Scale ASR / ASTR
• 1986: TSE recharge to Khobar aquifer
• 2010: Dammam aquifer regional study
• 2010: Feasibility of GW recharge with TSE
• 2011: National approach to assessing
reuse of TSE and MAR
• Future TSE production:
• 2015: 390,000 m3/day
• 2030: 500,000 m3/day
• Alternative uses:
• More direct TSE reuse in agriculture
• Potential target aquifers: Alat (A) and
Khobar (B), both Dammam formations
• Expected total volume of TSE to be
stored: 24 MCM
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
Al-Mannai, 2010, MoW, 2011
14. Page 14
Jordan
MAR:
Infiltration of Floodwater
• 2012: Cooperation JOR – GER
• Guideline for assessment and implementation
of MAR in (semi-) arid regions
• Pre-feasibility study for infiltration of floodwater
• MAR potential map for water availability &
site suitability for two surface water basins
• Limitations:
• Source water availability in regions
with rainfall of less than 200 mm/a
• High sediment load of runoff waters
• Operation and maintenance
• Monitoring
• Assess actual effectiveness
• Involvement of local communities
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
Steinel / BGR, 2012
15. Page 15
Kuwait
Dammam,
Kuwait Group
• 1964: Raudhatain, passive infiltration in depression
• 1972-1973: Raudhatain, injection of desalinated water
• 1992: Sulaibiya, injection in Dammam limestone and
Kuwait Group
• 200,000 m3 injected desalinated water in two wells
(18,000 and 180,000) over 30 days
• Dammam: Injection possible, system efficiency
initially estimated as rel. low (10-20%)
• Kuwait Group: severe clogging of the injection well,
due to suspended solids and dissolved air
• 1994: Physical properties of Dammam formation in contact
with fresh water
• 1997: Compatibility of desalinated water with Dammam
formation aquifer at pilot recharge site
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
Abdel-Jawad / KISR, 2008; Dawoud / EAD, 2005;
Mukhopadhyay / KISR, 2010 and 2013
16. Page 16
Kuwait
Dammam,
Kuwait Group
• 2002: Numerical modeling of artificial
recharge options for Dammam
formation at pilot recharge site
• 2004: Laboratory investigation
compatibility of desalinated water,
RO-treated wastewater with the
Kuwait Group aquifer
• 2010: Selection of suitable sites for
artificial recharge
• Kuwait Group: Mutla, Sulaibiya,
Raudhatain areas
• Dammam Formation: Kabd area
• 2013: Start of KISR pilot project in Kabd,
injecting RO-treated wastewater
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
Abdel-Jawad / KISR, 2008; Dawoud / EAD, 2005;
Mukhopadhyay / KISR, 2010 and 2013
17. Page 17
Lebanon
ARAK: Aquifer Rechargeability
Assessment in Karst
• Determine ability of karst aquifer to
be artificially recharged & managed
• Best sites for implementing artificial
recharge from surface
• Multi-criteria indexation analysis
modeled on karst vulnerability
assessment methods
• Four independent criteria, i.e.
Epikarst, Rock, Infiltration and Karst
• Rechargeability index - product of
two factors, intrinsic rechargeability
and feasibility index
• Damour site: salinization and
insufficiency of resource
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
Daher, 2011.
18. Page 18
Oman
Groundwater
Recharge Dams
• > 30 groundwater recharge dams,
intercepting wadi runoff, allowing for
controlled recharge downstream of dam
• Managed to hold about 1064 MCM of
flood waters until end of 2009
• Substantial experiences in siting and
dimensioning of groundwater recharge
dams
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
19. Page 19
Oman
TSE Reuse and MAR,
Salalah
• Salalah Sanitary Drainage Services Co.: SSDS
• Ownership, management, O&M of current network for
groundwater recharge and future expansions
• No legislation in Oman yet on TSE reuse for aquifer recharge
• Average quantity of treated water
• to recharge wells: 18,090 m3
• to SSDS clients/consumers: 2,680 m3
• 48 recharge wells
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
AlQasmi, 2011; Shammas, 2007; Wahaibi, 2011.
Groundwater Levels
20. Page 20
Qatar
Northern Groundwater Basin,
ASR
• 1976: “Artificial recharge with desalted sea water to permit
additional agricultural development appears technically
feasible but its practicability needs to be examined further.”
(Vecchioli)
• 1992-1994: Feasibility study for injection of desalinated
water in Rus and Umm er-Radhuma with positive results
• 2012: QNFSP/KAHRAMAA: Northern groundwater basin,
investigation of four sites to store 136 MCM for emergency
(interruption of desalination)
• Tertiary WW Treatment imperative for
utilities, i.e. TSE available for
non-potable applications such as
agricultural irrigation possibly with
intermediate aquifer storage
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
Dawoud / EAD, 2009; MEED, 2012; Streetly, 1998;
Vecchioli / USGS, 1976.
21. Page 21
• Hydraulic barrier against seawater intrusion
• Treated WW better suited for irrigation
due to reduced need for fertilizers
• Ongoing: improvement to tertiary WW treatment
Salinity of groundwater
prior to recharge
Groundwater Simulation
Salinity of groundwater
after 3 years of recharge
Tunisia
Korba
Aquifer Recharge
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
Cherif, S. et al., 2013, Gaaloul, N., 2014.
22. Page 22
United Arab Emirates - Sharjah
Nizwa:
1st Operational ASR
• To replace seasonal peak load capacity
• 2001-2002 feasibility study
• 2003-2004 pilot project
• Site characterization and evaluation,
geophysics, trial boreholes, monitoring
• Hydrochemical modeling:
Mixing of injected RO product
(250 μS/cm) and native groundwater
• Cycles of injection - storage - recovery
• System efficiency: 95% recovery (4th)
24,700 m3 / 26 days injection, 30 days
storage, 23,400 m3 / 19 days recovery
• Cost efficiency 10% of surface storage
• Planned for 1.8 MCM
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
Labaky, W. / SWS, 2013; SEWA, 2009.
23. Page 23
United Arab Emirates – Abu Dhabi
Liwa: Strategic Water Storage and
Recovery Project (SWSR)
• 2003-2005: Feasibility study
• 2006-2009: Pilot project
• 2010-2013: Construction
• Planned for 23 MCM of surplus
desalinated seawater
• Emergency water supply for Abu Dhabi
up to three months at 181,800 m3/d
• Extensive site characterisation,
shallow aquifer system,
semi-consolidated Aeolian dune sands
• When completed: Benchmark for water
management in arid regions
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
Koziorowski, 2012 ; Wolke, 2011.
24. Page 24
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Conclusions and
Recommendations
1. Technical and scientific issues:
• investing into hydrogeological science, research,
• open dialogues between scientists from different disciplines,
2. Socio-economic issues:
• cost-benefit analysis, assessment of alternative scenarios,
• optimize complex multi-faceted challenges,
• interaction b/w economists, engineers, social and natural scientists,
3. Legislative and regulatory issues:
• understanding legal frameworks, regulatory approaches and needs,
4. Regional knowledge exchanges:
• dedicated MAR / ASR research conferences,
• joint research programmes,
• technical exchange visits,
5. Mutli-sectoral advice to government authorities:
• adequate technical, scientific and socio-economic support,
• advisory bodies with senior experts from different disciplines.
Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
25. MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE – AQUIFER STORAGE AND
RECOVERY: REGIONAL EXPERIENCES AND NEEDS FOR
FURTHER COOPERATION AND KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGES IN
THE ARAB REGION
Ralf Klingbeil, Regional Advisor Environment and Water
WSTA 11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014
UN Economic And Social Commission For Western Asia