Testing on Android

droidcon 2009
testing on android
london, december 2009

diego torres milano
diego@codtech.com
copyright © 2009 cod technologies ltd www.codtech.com

“Never test the depth of
the water with both feet.”
Anonymous


agenda
● test driven development
● behavior driven development
● building blocks
● your first tdd android application
● writing tests


resources

● http://android.codtech.com/droidcon2009


after this section you will
after this section you will...

● understand test driven
development
● be introduced to behavior
driven development
● recognize test building
blocks


what is test driven development ?

TDD is the strategy of
starting the development
process by the test cases and
then provide the software that
satisfies these tests


test driven development

uml activity diagram


kinds of automated tests
● unit tests
– written by programmers
– for programmers
– in a programming language
● functional or acceptance tests
– written by business people and QA
– for business people
– in a high level language
check FitNesse www.fitnesse.org


behavior driven development
● evolution in the thinking behind TDD
● common vocabulary between business and
technology
● framework of activity based on three principles
– business and technology should refer to the same
system in the same way
– any system should have an identified, verifiable
value to the business
– upfront analysis, design and planning all have a
diminishing return http://behaviourdriven.org
http://jbehave.org

scenario
● text scenario

Given I am not logged in
When I log in as Liz with a password JBehaver
Then I should see a message, "Welcome, Liz!"

● defining steps
@Given("I am not logged in")
public void logOut() {
currentPage.click("logout");
}


testing on android
● android platform integrates a
testing framework
● it's based on Junit 3
● supports
– unit tests
– functional tests
– activity tests
– mock objects
– utilities to simplify test Portions of this page are reproduced from work created and shared by
Google and used according to terms described in the Creative
creation Commons 2.5 Attribution License.


is this all the documentation ?

a framework for writing
android test cases and
suites. (?)


ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2
● functional testing of single Activity
● Activity created used system infrastructure
● Activity can be manipulated
● Tests can be annotated with @UiThreadTest
● Intents can be injected with
setActivityIntent()
● sendKeys() can be used to simulate user
interaction


uml class diagram


ApplicationTestCase
● test Application in controlled environment
● basic lyfecycle support
– onCreate() called after createApplication()
– tearDown() calls onDestroy()
● mock Context can be injected
● Application can be terminated with
terminateApplication()


ActivityUnitTestCase
● isolated testing of a single Activity
● Activity created with minimal connection to the
system
● mocked dependencies can be injected
● Activity will not participate in the normal
interactions with the system
● some methods should be avoided and will throw
exceptions if called


ProviderTestCase2<T>
● isolated testing of a ContentProvider
● uses a MockContentResolver to
– access the provider
– restricts access to filesystem (db & files)
– injects IsolatedContext
● environment managed by setUp() and
tearDown()


ServiceTestCase<T>
● framework to test Services
● basic support for lifecycle
– onCreate() called after startService(Intent) or
bindService(Intent)
– depending on how was started tearDown() calls
appropriate method
● mock objects can be injected by
– setApplication()
– setContext()


AndroidTestCase
● base class that can be extended to support
different requirements
● use this if you need
– isolate components
– test custom Views
– test permissions
– access Resources


ViewAsserts
● useful assertions about Views
– Views are aligned in several ways
– ViewGroups contain Views
– View is on screen
– View has specific screen coordinates


TouchUtils
● use these methods to generate touch events
● clickView() to simulate touching
● drag...() to touch and drag
● longClick() for touching and holding
● scroll...() to simulate different scrolling
● tapView() to touch and release quickly


android.test.mock
all classes has nonfunctional methods
● MockApplication
● MockContentResolver
● MockContext
● MockDialogInterface
● MockPackageManager
● MockResources


“You know you've achieved
perfection in design, not when
you have nothing more to add,
but when you have nothing
more to take away.”

Antoine de SaintExupery


after this section you will
after this section you will...

● be able to create a project
and its corresponding tests
project
● apply test driven
development techniques
● get acquainted with android
tests


design
converts
temperatures
from celsius e
r
us to
e
n th
whehrenheit a d
an
if
the
fa
rsa err re'
e- e
t
vicen vers one or s a
nd
atur e in dis
pla
sh o
uld
temper ther
is (O
)
ye
d be
e o he
ld th
re
fie ed
updat
lly
m atica
auto

we l
eave
f or s p ac
keyb e
o ar d


create project

Choose the
build target


create test project
always create a
test project

other values are
automatically
selected


create test case

to create the test for
the Activity we use
ActivityInstrument
ationTestCase2<T>

create method
stubs

the Activity as the
class under test


check generated test case
/**
* Copyright © 2009 COD Technologies Ltd. All rights reserved.
*/
package com.codtech.android.training.tctdd1.test;

import android.test.ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2;

import
adjust stub
com.codtech.android.training.tctdd1.TemperatureConverterActivity;
constructor to pass
required arguments
public class
to super
TemperatureConverterActivityTests extends
ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2<TemperatureConverterActivity> {

/**
* @param name
*/
public TemperatureConverterActivityTests(String name) {
super("com.codtech.android.training.tctdd1",
TemperatureConverterActivity.class);
setName(name);
}

// setUp() and tearDown() not showed
}


setUp

/* (non-Javadoc)
* @see android.test.ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2#setUp()
*/
these constants are
protected void setUp() throws Exception { not yet created, we
super.setUp(); need to add the
Views and Ids to the
final TemperatureConverterActivity activity = getActivity(); layout

celsius = (EditText)activity.findViewById(
com.codtech.android.training.tctdd1.R.id.celsius);

fahrenheit = (EditText)activity.findViewById(
com.codtech.android.training.tctdd1.R.id.fahrenheit);

}

create fields
when necessary


layout

Ids should
satisfy
previous
requirements


add some UI tests
@SmallTest
public void testSimpleCreate() {
assertNotNull(getActivity());

assertNotNull(celsius);
assertNotNull(fahrenheit);

ViewAsserts.assertOnScreen(fahrenheit.getRootView(), celsius);
ViewAsserts.assertOnScreen(celsius.getRootView(), fahrenheit);
}

@SmallTest
public void testAlignment() {
ViewAsserts.assertRightAligned(celsius, fahrenheit);
ViewAsserts.assertLeftAligned(celsius, fahrenheit);
}

@SmallTest
public void testFiledsStartEmpty() {
assertTrue("Celsius field starts not empty",
"".equals(celsius.getText().toString()));
assertTrue("Fahrenheit field starts not empty",
"".equals(fahrenheit.getText().toString()));
}


now some functional tests
we run the test in the
UI thread

@UiThreadTest
public void testFahrenheitToCelsiusConversion() { we don't have a
celsius.clear(); class implementing
fahrenheit.clear(); setNumber(),
getNumber() and
final double f = 32.5; clear() so we will be
creating it soon
fahrenheit.requestFocus();
fahrenheit.setNumber(f);
celsius.requestFocus();
final double c = TemperatureConverter.fahrenheitToCelsius(f);
final double cr = celsius.getNumber();
final double delta = Math.abs(c - cr);
final String msg = "" + f + "F should be " + c + "C but was " +
cr + " (delta " + delta + ")";
assertTrue(msg, delta < 0.005);
}
we don't have a
TemperatureConverter
either


and more tests
don't run this test
in UI thread

@SmallTest
public void testCelsiusToFahrenheitConversion() {
final double c = -105.35;
TouchUtils.tapView(this, celsius);
create method stub in
sendKeys("MINUS 1 0 5 PERIOD 3 5");
final double cr = celsius.getNumber();
assertEquals("Send keys should have set " + c + " but set " +
cr, c, cr);
final double f = TemperatureConverter.celsiusToFahrenheit(c);
final double fr = fahrenheit.getNumber();
final double delta = Math.abs(f - fr);
final String msg = "" + c + "C should be " + f + "F but was " +
fr + " (delta " + delta + ")";
}


create EditNumber class
create a
new
package for
views

extend
EditText

once we create
EditNumber we
should refactor
our main layout
and fields


create TemperatureConverter class


create a TestCase

create
stubs
test


select methods to test


complete actual tests
public void testFahrenheitToCelsius() {
for (double c: conversionTableDouble.keySet()) {
final double f = conversionTableDouble.get(c);
final double cr = TemperatureConverter.fahrenheitToCelsius(f);
final double delta = Math.abs(c - cr);
final String msg = "" + f + "F should be " + c + "C but is " +
cr + " (delta " + delta + ")";
}
}

public void testCelsiusToFahrenheit() {
for (double c: conversionTableDouble.keySet()) {
final double f = conversionTableDouble.get(c);
final double fr = TemperatureConverter.celsiusToFahrenheit(c);
final double delta = Math.abs(f - fr);
final String msg = "" + c + "C should be " + f + "F but is " +
fr + " (delta " + delta + ")" ;
}
}


test exceptions
public void testAbsoluteZeroCelsius() {
Exception e = null;

try {
TemperatureConverter.celsiusToFahrenheit(-274);
}
catch (RuntimeException re) {
}

assertNotNull("Absolute zero C not detected", e);
}

public void testAbsoluteZeroFahrenheit() {
Exception e = null;

try {
TemperatureConverter.fahrenheitToCelsius(-460);
}
catch (RuntimeException re) {
e = re;
}

assertNotNull("Absolute zero F not detected", e);
}


conversion table
● simple conversion table to run several tests
private static final HashMap<Double, Double> conversionTableDouble =
new HashMap<Double, Double>();

static {
// initialize (c, f) pairs
conversionTableDouble.put(0.0, 32.0);
conversionTableDouble.put(-1.0, 30.20);
conversionTableDouble.put(-100.0, -148.0);
}


run tests

conversion tests fail
because we haven't
implemented it yet


package com.codtech.android.training.tctdd1;

public class TemperatureConverter {

public static final double ABSOLUTE_ZERO_C = -273.0d;
public static final double ABSOLUTE_ZERO_F = -459.4d;

private static final String ERROR_MESSAGE_BELOW_ZERO_FMT =
"Invalid temperature: %.2f%c below absolute zero";

public static double celsiusToFahrenheit(double c) {
if (c < ABSOLUTE_ZERO_C) {
throw new RuntimeException(
String.format(ERROR_MESSAGE_BELOW_ZERO_FMT, c, 'C'));
}
return (c * 1.8d + 32);
}

public static double fahrenheitToCelsius(double f) {
if (f < ABSOLUTE_ZERO_F) {
throw new RuntimeException(
String.format(ERROR_MESSAGE_BELOW_ZERO_FMT, f, 'F'));
}
return ((f - 32) / 1.8d);
}
}


run tests

tests fail now because we
are doing the conversion
right but we are invoking
conversion tests empty methods in
succeded EditNumber that don't
update the ui


implement EditNumber methods
package com.codtech.android.training.tctdd1.view;

import android.content.Context;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.widget.EditText;

public class EditNumber extends EditText {

public EditNumber(Context context) {
super(context);
}

public EditNumber(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
super(context, attrs);
} convenience methods
delegating to EditText
public void clear() {
setText("");
}

public void setNumber(double f) {
setText(Double.toString(f));
}

public double getNumber() {
return Double.valueOf(getText().toString());
}
}


run tests

a NumberFormatException
because we are not changing
the other field when some
new temperature is entered
and thus the field is empty


onCreate
/** Called when the activity is first created. */
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
add change listener
celsius = (EditNumber)findViewById(R.id.celsius); to these fields
fahrenheit = (EditNumber)findViewById(R.id.fahrenheit);

try {
Class[] args = new Class[] { double.class };
celsius.addTextChangedListener(
new TemperatureChangedWatcher(fahrenheit,
TemperatureConverter.class.getMethod(
"celsiusToFahrenheit", args)));
fahrenheit.addTextChangedListener(
new TemperatureChangedWatcher(celsius,
TemperatureConverter.class.getMethod(
"fahrenheitToCelsius", args)));
} catch (Exception e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}


TemperatureChangedWatcher
private static class TemperatureChangedWatcher implements TextWatcher {
private EditNumber dest;
private Method convert;

public TemperatureChangedWatcher(EditNumber dest, Method convert) {
this.dest = dest; this.convert = convert;
}

@Override
public void afterTextChanged(Editable s) {
}

@Override
public void beforeTextChanged(CharSequence s, int start, int count,
int after) {
}

@Override
public void onTextChanged(CharSequence s, int start, int before,
int count) {

if (!dest.hasWindowFocus() || dest.hasFocus() || s == null ) {
return;
}
// continued ...


TemperatureChangedWatcher
final String ss = s.toString();
if ( "".equals(ss) ) {
dest.clear();
return;
}

try {
final double result = (Double)
convert.invoke(TemperatureConverter.class,
Double.parseDouble(ss));
// display only 2 decimals
dest.setNumber(Math.rint(result*100)/100);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
// WARNING
// this is generated while a number is entered,
// for example just a -' so we don't want to show the error
} catch (Exception e) {
dest.setError(e.getCause().getLocalizedMessage());
}
}
}


tests succeed


temperature converter
converts
temperatures
from celsius e
r
us to
e
n th
whehrenheit a d
an
if
the
fa
rsa err re'
e- e
t
vicen vers one or s a
nd
atur e in dis
pla
sh o
uld
temper ther
is (O
)
ye
d be
e o he
ld th
re
fie ed
updat
lly
m atica
auto

we l
eave
f or s p ac
keyb e
o ar d


instrumentation
● Dev Tools → Instrumentation → TCTDD1 Tests


eclipse
● TCTDD1Test → Run As → Android JUnit Test


command line

diego@bruce:~$ adb -e shell am instrument -w -e class
com.codtech.android.training.tctdd1.test.TemperatureCo
nverterActivityTests
com.codtech.android.training.tctdd1.test/android.test.
InstrumentationTestRunner

com.codtech.android.training.tctdd1.test.TemperatureCo
nverterActivityTests:.....
Test results for InstrumentationTestRunner=.....
Time: 5.564

OK (5 tests)


EditNumberTests

AndroidTestCase


constructor and setUp

/**
* @param name
*/
public EditNumberTests(String name) {
super();
setName(name);
}
creating a mock
context
/* (non-Javadoc)
* @see android.test.AndroidTestCase#setUp()
*/
protected void setUp() throws Exception {
super.setUp();
mockContext = new IsolatedContext(new MockContentResolver(),
getContext());
editNumber = new EditNumber(mockContext);
editNumber.setFocusable(true);
}


/**
* Test method for EditNumber#EditNumber(android.content.Context)
*/
public void testEditNumberContext() {
assertNotNull(new EditNumber(mockContext));
}

/**
* Test method for EditNumber#EditNumber(Context, AttributeSet)
*/
public void testEditNumberContextAttributeSet() {
// TODO
// use a real AttributeSet for this test not null
assertNotNull(new EditNumber(mockContext, null));
}

/**
* Test method for EditNumber#clear()
*/
public void testClear() {
editNumber.setText("1234");
editNumber.clear();
assertEquals("editNumber should have been cleared",
"", editNumber.getText().toString());
}



public void testSetNumber() {
final double d = 1.23d;
editNumber.setNumber(d);
final double dr = editNumber.getNumber();
final String msg = "editNumber should be " + d + " but is " + dr;
assertEquals(msg, d, dr);
}

public void testGetNumber() {
final double d = 0.98d;
final String ds = Double.toString(d);
editNumber.setText(ds);
final double dr = editNumber.getNumber();
final String msg = "editNumber should be " + ds + " but is " + dr;
assertEquals(msg, d, dr);
}


input test
public class TemperatureConverterActivityTests extends
ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2<TemperatureConverterActivity> {

// …

@SmallTest
public void testInputFilter() {
TouchUtils.tapView(this, celsius);
final Double n = -1.234d;
sendKeys("MINUS 1 PERIOD 2 PERIOD 3 PERIOD 4");
Object nr = null;
try {
nr = celsius.getNumber();
}
catch (NumberFormatException e) {
nr = celsius.getText();
}

final String msg = "-1.2.3.4 should be filtered to " + n +
" but is " + nr;
assertEquals(msg, n, nr);
}
}


input filter

public class EditNumber extends EditText {

// …
invoke init() from
constructors
/**
* Initialization.
* Set filter.
*
*/
private void init() {
// DigistKeyListener.getInstance(true, true) returns an
// instance that accepts digits, sign and decimal point
final InputFilter[] filters = new InputFilter[]
{ DigitsKeyListener.getInstance(true, true) };

setFilters(filters);
}

}


resources
● http://dtmilano.blogspot.com
● http://easymock.org
● http://code.google.com/p/hamcrest (matchers)
● http://mockito.org/
● http://developer.android.com/guide/developing/t
ools/monkey.html (ui exerciser)
● http://ricston.com/ricstontrainingforandroid/
● http://android.codtech.com


“If things seem under control,
you're not going fast enough.”
Mario Andretti


thank you
testing on android
london, december 2009

diego torres milano
diego@codtech.com


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