Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and social justice
Similar to Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and social justice (16)
More from Economic Research Forum
More from Economic Research Forum (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (10)
Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and social justice
- 1. Social Justice Data Analysis Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice Mahmoud A. El-Gamal Rice University Department of Economics March 23, 2014 Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 0 of 30
- 2. Social Justice Data Analysis Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam Outline 1 Social Justice Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam 2 Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 1 of 30
- 3. Social Justice Data Analysis Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam Motivational Puzzle New Washington Consensus: Utilitarianism + social safety nets ⇒ Grounded in 20th -Century liberal theories of justice (Rawls + Sen) Had been implemented de facto, if only to avoid social unrest Puzzle: Egypt and Tunisia, apparently successful, erupted, demanding “Social Justice!” Does “Islam”(ism) reject Rawls-type conceptions of social justice? First clue: Revolutionaries were not poor, they were middle class! Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 2 of 30
- 4. Social Justice Data Analysis Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam The Poor Have Not Fared Too Badly in MENA Ratio of Top Decile and Bottom Decile Shares in GDP 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Turkey Korea Egypt Algeria Morocco Jordan Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 3 of 30
- 5. Social Justice Data Analysis Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam The Middle Classes Have Not Fared Too Well in MENA Ratio of Top Decile and Fifth Decile Shares in GDP 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Egypt Turkey Jordan Morocco Algeria Korea Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 4 of 30
- 6. Social Justice Data Analysis Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam Outline 1 Social Justice Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam 2 Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 5 of 30
- 7. Social Justice Data Analysis Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam Aristotle on Distributive Justice Book V of Nicomachean Ethics: ...and the just here is a middle term, whereas the unjust is what is contrary to the proportion, for the proportion is a middle term and the just is a proportion. The mathematicians call this sort of proportion “geometric.” ...as a farmer stands in relation to a shoemaker, so the work of the shoemaker stands in relation to that of the farmer. But one must not bring the works into the figure of the proportion after they have been exchanged ... Second clue: Were the middle classes not getting their “fair share?” Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 6 of 30
- 8. Social Justice Data Analysis Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam Aristotle, Averroes, ...Pareto Aristotle proposed a labor theory of value for initial exchange only Ibn Rushd (Bid¯ayat Al-Mujtahid): Thus, the ratio of exchanged quantities will be determined by the ratio of monetary values of different goods... As for [fungible] goods measured by volume or weight, equity requires equality, since they are relatively homogenous ...justice in this case is achieved by equating volume or weight, since the benefits are very similar. Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 7 of 30
- 9. Social Justice Data Analysis Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam Aristotle, Averroes, ...Pareto Aristotle proposed a labor theory of value for initial exchange only Ibn Rushd (Bid¯ayat Al-Mujtahid): Thus, the ratio of exchanged quantities will be determined by the ratio of monetary values of different goods... As for [fungible] goods measured by volume or weight, equity requires equality, since they are relatively homogenous ...justice in this case is achieved by equating volume or weight, since the benefits are very similar. Is it too much to read Pareto efficiency in this “benefit” analysis? 1/quantity ratio = price ratio = ratio of [marginal?] benefits No distributive justice considerations (Aristotelian merit)? Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 7 of 30
- 10. Social Justice Data Analysis Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam The Primacy of Law I: Islamic Law and Economics Posner: Often, the true grounds of legal decision are concealed rather than illuminated by the characteristic rhetoric of opinions. Indeed, legal education consists primarily of learning to dig beneath the rhetorical surface to find those grounds, many of which may turn out to have an economic character Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 8 of 30
- 11. Social Justice Data Analysis Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam The Primacy of Law I: Islamic Law and Economics Posner: Often, the true grounds of legal decision are concealed rather than illuminated by the characteristic rhetoric of opinions. Indeed, legal education consists primarily of learning to dig beneath the rhetorical surface to find those grounds, many of which may turn out to have an economic character Islamic jurisprudence has been a common law system (Rosen), but many Islamists view it as a civil code: ⇒ Legal arbitrage opportunities, such as so-called “Islamic finance” ⇒ Circumvents ancient (efficiency-enhancing) regulations Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 8 of 30
- 12. Social Justice Data Analysis Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam The Primacy of Law I: Islamic Law and Economics Posner: Often, the true grounds of legal decision are concealed rather than illuminated by the characteristic rhetoric of opinions. Indeed, legal education consists primarily of learning to dig beneath the rhetorical surface to find those grounds, many of which may turn out to have an economic character Islamic jurisprudence has been a common law system (Rosen), but many Islamists view it as a civil code: ⇒ Legal arbitrage opportunities, such as so-called “Islamic finance” ⇒ Circumvents ancient (efficiency-enhancing) regulations Ibn Rushd and Ibn Khaldun sought social justice in “legal justice” There is no “Islamic theory of justice” (is one needed?) Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 8 of 30
- 13. Social Justice Data Analysis Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam Primacy of Law II: Modern Islamic Interpretations of “Justice” Socialist-leaning interpretations: (Al-Sib¯a ˘ ¯ı; El-Ghaz¯al¯ı; ...) Public ownership of basic necessities (water, pastures, fire) + some expropriation extrapolated to nationalization of essential industries More equitable distribution (Abu-Bakr, ˘ Ali) preferred over unequal distribution by merit ( ˘ Umar, ˘ Uthman); + (T. Hussein, S. Qut.b,...) Some price fixing justified by anti-monopoly rulings Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 9 of 30
- 14. Social Justice Data Analysis Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam Primacy of Law II: Modern Islamic Interpretations of “Justice” Socialist-leaning interpretations: (Al-Sib¯a ˘ ¯ı; El-Ghaz¯al¯ı; ...) Public ownership of basic necessities (water, pastures, fire) + some expropriation extrapolated to nationalization of essential industries More equitable distribution (Abu-Bakr, ˘ Ali) preferred over unequal distribution by merit ( ˘ Umar, ˘ Uthman); + (T. Hussein, S. Qut.b,...) Some price fixing justified by anti-monopoly rulings Libertarian-leaning interpretations: (jurists & most intellectuals) Same basic rules for initial acquisition of property (fallow land, etc.) Broad permission of transfer of property by mutual consent Public ownership is an exception; expropriation was punishment Accepting inequality in human and physical capital endowments Reject price fixing, absent monopoly or need Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 9 of 30
- 15. Social Justice Data Analysis Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam Primacy of Law II: Modern Islamic Interpretations of “Justice” Socialist-leaning interpretations: (Al-Sib¯a ˘ ¯ı; El-Ghaz¯al¯ı; ...) Public ownership of basic necessities (water, pastures, fire) + some expropriation extrapolated to nationalization of essential industries More equitable distribution (Abu-Bakr, ˘ Ali) preferred over unequal distribution by merit ( ˘ Umar, ˘ Uthman); + (T. Hussein, S. Qut.b,...) Some price fixing justified by anti-monopoly rulings Libertarian-leaning interpretations: (jurists & most intellectuals) Same basic rules for initial acquisition of property (fallow land, etc.) Broad permission of transfer of property by mutual consent Public ownership is an exception; expropriation was punishment Accepting inequality in human and physical capital endowments Reject price fixing, absent monopoly or need Many emphasized former 1940s–70s, most emphasized latter mid-1970s onwards, all claiming to define a “middle way” Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 9 of 30
- 16. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Outline 1 Social Justice Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam 2 Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 10 of 30
- 17. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Neoliberalism – Strong Support Countries (Pew 2012) Most Better Off In Free−Market Economy Despite Inequality? Country FrancePolandItalyLebanonBritainIndiaGermanyTurkeyUnitedStatesBrazilChina Completely agree Mostly agree Mostly disagree Disagree 58 % 52 % 49 % 57 % 56 % 39 % 53 % 39 % 50 % 52 % 46 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 11 of 30
- 18. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Neoliberalism – Mild to Weak Support Countries Most Better Off In Free−Market Economy Despite Inequality? Country MexicoJapanJordanGreeceSpainCzechRepublicEgyptTunisiaRussiaPakistan Completely agree Mostly agree Mostly disagree Completely disagree 39 % 26 % 42 % 32 % 30 % 26 % 26 % 28 % 40 % 34 % 37 % 38 % 36 % 33 % 32 % 35 % 33 % 48 % 43 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 12 of 30
- 19. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Anti-Secularism (Pew 2012) – Laws Should Follow Qur ˘ ¯an? Laws Should Follow the Teachings of the Quran? Country LebanonTurkeyTunisiaEgyptJordanPakistan Strictly Principles No 84 % 73 % 26 % 61 % 33 % 65 % 51 % 30 % 38 % 45 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 13 of 30
- 20. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Anti-Secularism (WVS, Waves 1–5) – Only “Shar¯ı ˘ a” Law? Only Laws of the Shari‘a Country BanglIndonesiaIraqNigeriaIranPakistanAlgeriaJordanEgyptSaudi S. Agree Agree Neutral DisS. Dis 69 % 47 % 34 % 54 % 37 % 35 % 36 % 31 % 32 % 41 % 31 % 36 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 14 of 30
- 21. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Outline 1 Social Justice Safety Nets Are Not Enough? Justice in Philosophy & Islam 2 Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 15 of 30
- 22. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Jordan: Anti-Secularism & Egalitarianism (Pew 2012) Laws Should Follow the Teachings of the Quran? Democracy:ImportantToHaveSmallIncomeDifferencesBetweenRichandPoor? NotNottooimpSomewhatImportantVeryImportant Strictly Principles No 34 % 7 % 33 % 15 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 16 of 30
- 23. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Jordan: Anti-Secularism vs. Neoliberalism (Pew 2012) Laws Should Follow the Teachings of the Quran? MostBetterOffInFree−MarketEconomyDespiteInequality? CompletelydisagreeMostlydisagreeMostlyagreeCompletelyagree Strictly Values & Principles OnlyNo Influence 9 % 22 % 9 % 25 % 10 % 17 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 17 of 30
- 24. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Jordan: Anti-Secualrism & Redistribution (WVS 2008) Democracy = Tax Rich, Subsidize Poor Democracy=ReligiousAuthoritiesInterprettheLaw essential98765432~ess ~ess 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 essential 6 % 42 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 18 of 30
- 25. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Jordan: Inequality (ok) & Private/Public (mixed) (WVS 2008) Strong Immediate Relationship, but Mixed More Private or Public Ownership? MoreIncomeInequality(forincentive)orLess? MoreInequality98765432LessInequality More Private 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 More Public 11 % 5 % 12 % 17 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 19 of 30
- 26. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Jordan: Conditional Independence (WVS 2008) Estimated Bayesian Network (formal statistical test of conditional independence on next slide) a001 a002 a003 a004 a005 a006 a008 a009 a104 a106a124.02 a124.03 a124.06 a124.07 a124.08 a124.09 a124.12 a124.14 a124.42 a124.43 a165 a168a a170 a173 a189 a190 a191 a192 a193 a194 a195 a196 a197 a198 b001 b002 b003 b008 b018 b019 b020 b021 b022 b023 c001 c002 c006 c009 c010 c036 c037 c038 c039 c041 c059 d001 d022 d055 d060 d078 e001 e002 e003 e004 e005 e006 e012 e016 e018 e023 e025 e025b e026 e026b e027 e033 e035 e036 e037 e039 e040 e041 e069.01 e069.02 e069.03 e069.04 e069.05 e069.06 e069.07 e069.08 e069.10 e069.11 e069.12 e069.13 e069.14 e069.15e069.17 e069.20 e069.40 e069.51 e114 e115 e116 e117 e124 e135 e136 e137 e138 e139 e143 e217 e218 e219 e220 e221b e224 e225 e226 e227 e228 e229 e230 e231 e232 e233 e234 e235 e236 e237 e238 e239 e240 e241 e247 e248 e249 e250 e251 e252 e253 e254 e255 f001 f025 f028 f034 f035 f036 f037 f038 f102 f103 f104 f105 f114 f115 f116 f118 f119 f120 f121 f198 f199 g007.18 g007.33 g007.34 g007.35 g007.36 g015 g019 g020 g022n g023 g028 g029 g030 g031 g032 x001 x007 x011 x023r x024 x025r x026 x031 x040 x041 x044 x045 x052 x053 x054 x055 y002 y003 tradrat5 survself Redistribution Anti-Secularism Income Inequality Public vs. Private Ownership Competition Hard Work Government Role Wealth Accumulation Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 20 of 30
- 27. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Jordan: Inequality and Redistribution (WVS 2008) Reject independence between two variables (E035 & E224): χ2 (81) = 429.6, but fail to reject conditional (on importance of free elections E226) independence: χ2 (1100) = 708.52 Democracy: Tax Rich and Subsidize Poor? MoreIncomeInequality(forincentive)orLess? MoreInequality98765432LessInequality Not Ess 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 Essential 15 % 10 % 27 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 21 of 30
- 28. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Egypt: Conditional Independence (WVS 2008) a001 a002 a003 a004 a005 a006 a008 a009 a104 a165 a168a a170 a173 a189 a190 a191 a192 a193 a194a195 a196 a197 a198 b001 b002 b003 b008 b018 b019 b020 b021 b022 b023 c001 c002 c006 c009 c010 c036 c037 c038 c039 c041 c059 d001 d055 d060 d078 e001 e002 e003 e004 e005 e006 e012 e016 e018 e023 e025 e026 e027 e033 e035 e036 e037 e039 e040 e041 e069.04 e069.05 e069.08 e069.10 e069.13 e069.14 e069.15 e069.20 e069.21 e069.40 e114 e115 e116 e117 e135 e136 e137 e138e139 e143 e179 e180 e182 e217 e218 e219 e220 e224 e225 e226 e227 e228 e229 e230 e231 e232 e233 e234 e235 e237 e238 e239 e240 e241 e247 e248 e249 e250 e251 e252 e253 e254 e255 e257 f001 f025 f028 f034 f035 f036 f037 f038 f114 f115 f116 f121 f198 g007.18 g007.33 g007.34 g007.35 g007.36 g019 g020 g023 g028 g029 g030 g031 g032 x001 x007 x011 x023r x024 x025r x026x028 x031 x040 x041 x044 x045 x047 x052 x053 x054 x055 y002 y003 Public vs. Private Ownership Income Inequality Government Responsibility Competition Hard Work Wealth Accumulation Redistribute Anti- Secular Political Scale Position Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 22 of 30
- 29. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Egypt: Inequality and Redistribution (WVS 2008) Reject independence between two variables (E036 & E224): χ2 (100) = 439.7, but fail to reject conditional (on E226, free elections) independence: χ2 (1100) = 752.5 Democracy: Tax Rich and Subsidize Poor? MoreIncomeInequality(forincentive)orLess? MoreInequality98765432LessInequality Not Ess2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Essential 5 % 5 % 6 % 8 % 5 % 17 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 23 of 30
- 30. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Egypt: Inequality and Private Ownership OK (WVS 2008) How Much is the Preference for "More Public" A Reaction to Corrupt Privatization? More Private or Public Ownership? MoreIncomeInequality(forincentive)orLess? MoreInequality98765432LessInequality More Private2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 More Public 11 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 24 of 30
- 31. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Egypt: ...Despite Strong Anti-Secularism and Redistributive Drive (WVS 2008) Democracy = Religious Authorities Interpret Law Democracy=TaxRich,SubsidizePoor essential98765432~ess ~ess 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 essential 39 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 25 of 30
- 32. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Egypt: Anti-Secularism and Neoliberalism(Pew 2012) No Clear Relationship + Nearly 50–50 Split on Neoliberalism Laws Should Follow the Teachings of the Quran? MostBetterOffInFree−MarketEconomyDespiteInequality? CompletelydisagreeMostlydisagreeMostlyagreeCompletelyagree Strictly Values & Principles Only No Influence 15 % 10 % 16 % 9 % 16 % 9 % 13 % 6 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 26 of 30
- 33. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Tunisia: Anti-Secularism and Neoliberalism (Pew 2012) No Clear Relationship + Nearly 50–50 Split on Neoliberalism (& more moderate Islamism) Laws Should Follow the Teachings of the Quran? MostBetterOffInFree−MarketEconomyDespiteInequality? CompletelydisagreeMostlydisagreeMostlyagreeCompletelyagree Strictly Values & Principles Only No Influence 15 % 8 % 17 % 16 % 16 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 27 of 30
- 34. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Lebanon: Anti-Secularism and Neoliberalism (Pew 2012) No Clear Relationship + Mostly Favorable to Neoliberalism (& less Islamism) Laws Should Follow the Teachings of the Quran? MostBetterOffInFree−MarketEconomyDespiteInequality? CompletelydisagreeMostlydisagreeMostlyagreeCompletelyagree Strictly Values & Principles Only No Influence 11 % 11 % 7 % 13 % 19 % 9 % 8 % 7 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 28 of 30
- 35. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Turkey: Anti-Secularism and Neoliberalism (Pew 2012) No Clear Relationship + Mostly Favorable to Neoliberalism (& more moderate Islamism) Laws Should Follow the Teachings of the Quran? MostBetterOffInFree−MarketEconomyDespiteInequality? C.DisagreeMostlyDisagreeMostlyAgreeCompletelyAgree Strictly Values & Principles Only No 8 % 12 % 26 % 19 % 10 % Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 29 of 30
- 36. Social Justice Data Analysis Islamism and Neoliberalism The Many Faces of Islamism Concluding Remarks There is no “Islamic Economics” or “Islamic theory of justice.” It is not clear that either is possible or necessary There is a consistent egalitarian streak in Islamic history and thought; mostly implemented through post-hoc redistribution Overall, Muslim societies are likely to accept neoliberal economic policies, with greater emphasis on and scope of redistribution Each country’s Islamist-egalitarian nexus depends on her history and current (political) interpretations of “justice,” which have implications for viability of various policy “reforms” Mahmoud A. El-Gamal – ERF Talk, March 23, 2014 Neoliberalism, Islam(ism) and Social Justice — slide 30 of 30