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Applying	
  Universal	
  Design	
  Principles	
  
to	
  API	
  Ini5a5ves	
  	
  

Kevin Swiber
@kevinswiber

Alan Languirand
                                            Apigee
@13protons                                 @apigee
groups.google.com/group/api-craft
youtube.com/apigee
slideshare.net/apigee
@kevinswiber	
          @13protons	
  
Kevin	
  Swiber	
     Alan	
  Languirand	
  
amazon.com	
  
                 *
“   Successful	
  products	
  typically	
  follow	
  four	
  stages	
  of	
  crea5on:	
  
    requirements,	
  design,	
  development,	
  and	
  tes5ng.	
  


                                             Development	
  Cycle	
  
                                                            Universal	
  Principles	
  of	
  Design	
  




                                                                                                          *
Development	
  Cycle	
  

Requirements	
     Design	
     Development	
     Tes5ng	
  
	
                 	
           	
                	
  




                                                               *
Development	
  Cycle	
  

Requirements	
                Design	
          Development	
             Tes5ng	
  
	
                            	
                	
                        	
  
80/20	
                       Consistency	
  
                                                Inverted	
  Pyramid	
     Signal	
  to	
  Noise	
  Ra5o	
  
	
                            	
  
                                                Errors	
                  Validate	
  
Flexibility	
  vs.	
          Layering	
  
                                                	
  
Usability	
  Trade-­‐off	
     	
  
                                                Visibility	
  
	
                            Constraints	
  




                                                                                                      *
Applica5on	
  Developers	
  are	
  Kingmakers	
  



App     App               App       World of          API   Internal
                  App                          API
User    Store           Developer    APIs            Team   Systems
Ques5ons	
  to	
  ask	
  at	
  each	
  phase:	
  
• 	
  What	
  is	
  the	
  app	
  developer	
  doing?	
  
• 	
  How	
  can	
  we	
  help?	
  




                                                            *
Development	
  Cycle	
  

Requirements	
                Design	
          Development	
             Tes5ng	
  
	
                            	
                	
                        	
  
80/20	
                       Consistency	
  
                                                Inverted	
  Pyramid	
     Signal	
  to	
  Noise	
  Ra5o	
  
	
                            	
  
                                                Errors	
                  Validate	
  
Flexibility	
  vs.	
          Layering	
  
                                                	
  
Usability	
  Trade-­‐off	
     	
  
                                                Visibility	
  
	
                            Constraints	
  




                                                                                                      *
“   A	
  high	
  percentage	
  of	
  effects	
  in	
  any	
  large	
  system	
  are	
  caused	
  
    by	
  a	
  low	
  percentage	
  of	
  variables.	
  


                                                                      80/20	
  Rule	
  
                                                                 Universal	
  Principles	
  of	
  Design	
  




                                                                                                               *
Invest	
  in	
  highly-­‐used	
  features	
  




                                                *
Fix	
  high-­‐impact	
  bugs	
  




                                   *
“   As	
  the	
  flexibility	
  of	
  a	
  system	
  increases,	
  its	
  usability	
  
    decreases.	
  


                              Flexibility-­‐Usability	
  Tradeoff	
  
                                                                    Universal	
  Principles	
  of	
  Design	
  




                                                                                                                  *
Many	
  op5ons	
  vs.	
  quick	
  adop5on	
  




                                                *
Start	
  with	
  a	
  well-­‐defined	
  use	
  case	
  




                                                         *
Iterate	
  to	
  greater	
  flexibility	
  




                                             *
Development	
  Cycle	
  

Requirements	
                Design	
          Development	
             Tes5ng	
  
	
                            	
                	
                        	
  
80/20	
                       Consistency	
  
                                                Inverted	
  Pyramid	
     Signal	
  to	
  Noise	
  Ra5o	
  
	
                            	
  
                                                Errors	
                  Validate	
  
Flexibility	
  vs.	
          Layering	
  
                                                	
  
Usability	
  Trade-­‐off	
     	
  
                                                Visibility	
  
	
                            Constraints	
  




                                                                                                      *
Point	
  the	
  way	
  




                          *
*
“   The	
  usability	
  of	
  a	
  system	
  is	
  improved	
  when	
  similar	
  parts	
  are	
  
    expressed	
  in	
  similar	
  ways.	
  


                                                                    Consistency	
  
                                                                  Universal	
  Principles	
  of	
  Design	
  




                                                                                                                *
Define	
  paerns	
  




                       *
*
“   The	
  process	
  of	
  organizing	
  informa5on	
  into	
  related	
  
    groupings	
  in	
  order	
  to	
  manage	
  complexity	
  and	
  reinforce	
  
    rela5onships	
  in	
  the	
  informa5on.	
  

                                                                        Layering	
  
                                                           Universal	
  Principles	
  of	
  Design	
  




                                                                                                         *
*
“   A	
  method	
  of	
  limi5ng	
  the	
  ac5ons	
  that	
  can	
  be	
  performed	
  on	
  
    a	
  system.	
  


                                                                       Constraint	
  
                                                                Universal	
  Principles	
  of	
  Design	
  




                                                                                                              *
Twier	
  v1:	
  
/statuses/public_timeline.json
/statuses/public_timeline.xml




                                 *
Twier	
  v1.1	
  
/statuses/public_timeline.json




                                 *
Eliminate	
  unnecessary	
  choices	
  




                                          *
Development	
  Cycle	
  

Requirements	
                Design	
          Development	
             Tes5ng	
  
	
                            	
                	
                        	
  
80/20	
                       Consistency	
  
                                                Inverted	
  Pyramid	
     Signal	
  to	
  Noise	
  Ra5o	
  
	
                            	
  
                                                Errors	
                  Validate	
  
Flexibility	
  vs.	
          Layering	
  
                                                	
  
Usability	
  Trade-­‐off	
     	
  
                                                Visibility	
  
	
                            Constraints	
  




                                                                                                      *
Share	
  our	
  domain	
  knowledge	
  




                                          *
*
*
*
*
Share	
  our	
  API	
  knowledge	
  




                                       *
*
*
*
“   A	
  method	
  of	
  informa5on	
  presenta5on	
  in	
  which	
  informa5on	
  
    is	
  presented	
  in	
  descending	
  order	
  of	
  importance.	
  


                                              Inverted	
  Pyramid	
  
                                                        Universal	
  Principles	
  of	
  Design	
  




                                                                                                      *
Does	
  alphabet	
  soup	
  taste	
  good?	
  




                                                 *
List	
  resources	
  by	
  importance	
  




                                            *
*
*
*
“   An	
  ac5on	
  or	
  omission	
  of	
  ac5on	
  yielding	
  an	
  unintended	
  
    consequence.	
  


                                                                                   Errors	
  
                                                              Universal	
  Principles	
  of	
  Design	
  




                                                                                                            *
Make	
  it	
  easy	
  to	
  learn	
  from	
  mistakes	
  




                                                            *
*
*
*
“   The	
  usability	
  of	
  a	
  system	
  is	
  improved	
  when	
  its	
  status	
  and	
  
    methods	
  of	
  use	
  are	
  clearly	
  visible.	
  


                                                                                 Visibility	
  
                                                                   Universal	
  Principles	
  of	
  Design	
  




                                                                                                                 *
Be	
  transparent	
  and	
  human	
  




                                        *
*
*
*
Development	
  Cycle	
  

Requirements	
                Design	
          Development	
             Tes5ng	
  
	
                            	
                	
                        	
  
80/20	
                       Consistency	
  
                                                Inverted	
  Pyramid	
     Signal	
  to	
  Noise	
  Ra5o	
  
	
                            	
  
                                                Errors	
                  Validate	
  
Flexibility	
  vs.	
          Layering	
  
                                                	
  
Usability	
  Trade-­‐off	
     	
  
                                                Visibility	
  
	
                            Constraints	
  




                                                                                                      *
Ask	
  for	
  input,	
  give	
  data	
  




                                           *
*
*
*
“   The	
  ra5o	
  of	
  relevant	
  to	
  irrelevant	
  informa5on	
  in	
  a	
  display.	
  
    The	
  highest	
  possible	
  signal-­‐to-­‐noise	
  ra5o	
  is	
  desirable	
  in	
  
    design.	
  

                                             Signal-­‐to-­‐Noise	
  Ra5o	
  
                                                                 Universal	
  Principles	
  of	
  Design	
  




                                                                                                               *
Maintain	
  clarity.	
  




                           *
Tip:	
  Verify	
  design	
  principles	
  as	
  well	
  as	
  
correctness.	
  




                                                                 *
Universal	
  Principles	
  of	
  Design	
  

•      Educate	
  others	
  about	
  our	
  domain	
  
•      Cer5fy	
  our	
  partner	
  developers	
  
•      Inspire	
  with	
  an	
  app	
  gallery	
  
•      Guide	
  the	
  design	
  of	
  apps	
  
•      List	
  the	
  objects	
  in	
  our	
  system	
  
•      Engage	
  developers	
  with	
  an	
  API	
  console	
  
•      Be	
  accessible	
  via	
  forums,	
  social	
  media	
  &	
  email	
  
•      Receive	
  bugs	
  &	
  feature	
  requests	
  directly	
  from	
  developers	
  
•      Show	
  each	
  developer	
  his	
  API	
  data	
  
•      Respond	
  with	
  HTTP	
  status	
  codes	
  for	
  apps	
  
•      Respond	
  with	
  verbose	
  messages	
  for	
  app	
  developers	
  
•      Create	
  social	
  error	
  pages	
  with	
  details	
  and	
  hints	
  
•      Favor	
  flexibility	
  
•      Op5mize	
  usability	
  
•      Eliminate	
  unnecessary	
  choices	
  
•      Invest	
  in	
  highly-­‐used	
  features	
  
•      Fix	
  high-­‐impact	
  bugs	
  
•      List	
  resources	
  by	
  importance	
  


                                                                                           *
Ques5ons	
  
groups.google.com/group/api-­‐cra?	
  
THANK	
  YOU	
  
	
  
Ques%ons	
  and	
  ideas	
  to:	
  
@kevinswiber	
  
@13protons	
  
	
  
groups.google.com/group/api-­‐cra?	
  

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Applying Design Principles to API Initiatives

  • 1.   Applying  Universal  Design  Principles   to  API  Ini5a5ves     Kevin Swiber @kevinswiber Alan Languirand Apigee @13protons @apigee
  • 5. @kevinswiber   @13protons   Kevin  Swiber   Alan  Languirand  
  • 7. Successful  products  typically  follow  four  stages  of  crea5on:   requirements,  design,  development,  and  tes5ng.   Development  Cycle   Universal  Principles  of  Design   *
  • 8. Development  Cycle   Requirements   Design   Development   Tes5ng           *
  • 9. Development  Cycle   Requirements   Design   Development   Tes5ng           80/20   Consistency   Inverted  Pyramid   Signal  to  Noise  Ra5o       Errors   Validate   Flexibility  vs.   Layering     Usability  Trade-­‐off     Visibility     Constraints   *
  • 10. Applica5on  Developers  are  Kingmakers   App App App World of API Internal App API User Store Developer APIs Team Systems
  • 11. Ques5ons  to  ask  at  each  phase:   •   What  is  the  app  developer  doing?   •   How  can  we  help?   *
  • 12. Development  Cycle   Requirements   Design   Development   Tes5ng           80/20   Consistency   Inverted  Pyramid   Signal  to  Noise  Ra5o       Errors   Validate   Flexibility  vs.   Layering     Usability  Trade-­‐off     Visibility     Constraints   *
  • 13. A  high  percentage  of  effects  in  any  large  system  are  caused   by  a  low  percentage  of  variables.   80/20  Rule   Universal  Principles  of  Design   *
  • 16. As  the  flexibility  of  a  system  increases,  its  usability   decreases.   Flexibility-­‐Usability  Tradeoff   Universal  Principles  of  Design   *
  • 17. Many  op5ons  vs.  quick  adop5on   *
  • 18. Start  with  a  well-­‐defined  use  case   *
  • 19. Iterate  to  greater  flexibility   *
  • 20. Development  Cycle   Requirements   Design   Development   Tes5ng           80/20   Consistency   Inverted  Pyramid   Signal  to  Noise  Ra5o       Errors   Validate   Flexibility  vs.   Layering     Usability  Trade-­‐off     Visibility     Constraints   *
  • 22. *
  • 23. The  usability  of  a  system  is  improved  when  similar  parts  are   expressed  in  similar  ways.   Consistency   Universal  Principles  of  Design   *
  • 25. *
  • 26. The  process  of  organizing  informa5on  into  related   groupings  in  order  to  manage  complexity  and  reinforce   rela5onships  in  the  informa5on.   Layering   Universal  Principles  of  Design   *
  • 27. *
  • 28. A  method  of  limi5ng  the  ac5ons  that  can  be  performed  on   a  system.   Constraint   Universal  Principles  of  Design   *
  • 32. Development  Cycle   Requirements   Design   Development   Tes5ng           80/20   Consistency   Inverted  Pyramid   Signal  to  Noise  Ra5o       Errors   Validate   Flexibility  vs.   Layering     Usability  Trade-­‐off     Visibility     Constraints   *
  • 33. Share  our  domain  knowledge   *
  • 34. *
  • 35. *
  • 36. *
  • 37. *
  • 38. Share  our  API  knowledge   *
  • 39. *
  • 40. *
  • 41. *
  • 42. A  method  of  informa5on  presenta5on  in  which  informa5on   is  presented  in  descending  order  of  importance.   Inverted  Pyramid   Universal  Principles  of  Design   *
  • 43. Does  alphabet  soup  taste  good?   *
  • 44. List  resources  by  importance   *
  • 45. *
  • 46. *
  • 47. *
  • 48. An  ac5on  or  omission  of  ac5on  yielding  an  unintended   consequence.   Errors   Universal  Principles  of  Design   *
  • 49. Make  it  easy  to  learn  from  mistakes   *
  • 50. *
  • 51. *
  • 52. *
  • 53. The  usability  of  a  system  is  improved  when  its  status  and   methods  of  use  are  clearly  visible.   Visibility   Universal  Principles  of  Design   *
  • 54. Be  transparent  and  human   *
  • 55. *
  • 56. *
  • 57. *
  • 58. Development  Cycle   Requirements   Design   Development   Tes5ng           80/20   Consistency   Inverted  Pyramid   Signal  to  Noise  Ra5o       Errors   Validate   Flexibility  vs.   Layering     Usability  Trade-­‐off     Visibility     Constraints   *
  • 59. Ask  for  input,  give  data   *
  • 60. *
  • 61. *
  • 62. *
  • 63. The  ra5o  of  relevant  to  irrelevant  informa5on  in  a  display.   The  highest  possible  signal-­‐to-­‐noise  ra5o  is  desirable  in   design.   Signal-­‐to-­‐Noise  Ra5o   Universal  Principles  of  Design   *
  • 65. Tip:  Verify  design  principles  as  well  as   correctness.   *
  • 66. Universal  Principles  of  Design   •  Educate  others  about  our  domain   •  Cer5fy  our  partner  developers   •  Inspire  with  an  app  gallery   •  Guide  the  design  of  apps   •  List  the  objects  in  our  system   •  Engage  developers  with  an  API  console   •  Be  accessible  via  forums,  social  media  &  email   •  Receive  bugs  &  feature  requests  directly  from  developers   •  Show  each  developer  his  API  data   •  Respond  with  HTTP  status  codes  for  apps   •  Respond  with  verbose  messages  for  app  developers   •  Create  social  error  pages  with  details  and  hints   •  Favor  flexibility   •  Op5mize  usability   •  Eliminate  unnecessary  choices   •  Invest  in  highly-­‐used  features   •  Fix  high-­‐impact  bugs   •  List  resources  by  importance   *
  • 69. THANK  YOU     Ques%ons  and  ideas  to:   @kevinswiber   @13protons     groups.google.com/group/api-­‐cra?