Sampling Methods in Qualitative and Quantitative Research
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How to do sampling for qual and quant research designs
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Sampling Methods in Qualitative and Quantitative Research
- 1. Sampling in Qualitative and Quantitative Research A practical how-to
- 2. Key themes • A famous sampling mistake • Quantitative assumptions in sampling • Qualitative assumptions in sampling • Types of sampling • Ethnographic sampling • Interview sampling • Content analysis sampling • How many?
- 3. A famous sampling mistake
- 4. A famous sampling mistake That’s Truman They only asked rich, white people with telephones who’d they vote for. Sadly, they published their mistake
- 5. Even with proper sampling…beware! “…predicting behavior on the basis of knowledge of attitude is a very hazardous venture.” Meaning, predicting social behavior is often misguided. Keep that in mind!
- 6. What exactly IS a “sample”?
- 7. What exactly IS a “sample”? A subset of the population, selected by either “probability” or “non-probability” methods. If you have a “probability sample” you simply know the likelihood of any member of the population being included (not necessarily that it is “random.”
- 8. What do quant researchers worry about? I really spend a lot I want to know what of time wondering I want to make sure causes something how to measure I wonder how small others can repeat else. things. patterns generalize to big my findings. patterns.
- 9. Assumptions of quantitative sampling We want to generalize to the population. Random events are predictable. We can compare random events Therefore… to our results. Probability sampling is the best approach.
- 10. What do qual researchers worry about? I want to see the I want to describe I really want my world through the the context in a lot I want to show how research approach eyes of my of detail. social change occurs. I’m to be flexible and respondents. interested in how things able to change. come to be.
- 11. Assumptions of qualitative sampling Social actors are not predictable like objects. Randomized events are irrelevant to social life. Probability sampling is expensive Therefore… and inefficient. Non-probability sampling is the best approach.
- 12. Types of samples
- 13. Simple Random Sample 1. Get a list or “sampling frame” a. This is the hard part! It must not systematically exclude anyone. b. Remember the famous sampling mistake? 2. Generate random numbers 3. Select one person per random number
- 14. Systematic Random Sample 1. Select a random number, which will be known as k 2. Get a list of people, or observe a flow of people (e.g., pedestrians on a corner) 3. Select every kthperson a. Careful that there is no systematic rhythm to the flow or list of people. b. If every 4th person on the list is, say, “rich” or “senior” or some other consistent pattern, avoid this method
- 15. Stratified Random Sample 1. Separate your population into groups or “strata” 2. Do either a simple random sample or systematic random sample from there a. Note you must know easily what the “strata” are before attempting this b. If your sampling frame is sorted by, say, school district, then you’re able to use this method
- 16. Multi-stage Cluster Sample 1. Get a list of “clusters,” e.g., branches of a company 2. Randomly sample clusters from that list 3. Have a list of, say, 10 branches 4. Randomly sample people within those branches a. This method is complex and expensive!
- 17. The Convenience Sample 1. Find some people that are easy to find
- 18. The Snowball Sample 1. Find a few people that are relevant to your topic. 2. Ask them to refer you to more of them.
- 19. The Quota Sample 1. Determine what the population looks like in terms of specific qualities. 2. Create “quotas” based on those qualities. 3. Select people for each quota.
- 21. What about generalizing? “Our findings have a margin of “The average man is 35% more error of + or - 4%, 19 times out likely to choose this option of 20.” over the average woman.”
- 22. Proviso in non-probability sampling: no generalizing “Our findings have a margin of “The average man is 35% more error of + or - 4%, 19 times out likely to choose this option of 20.” over the average woman.”
- 23. Ethnographers sample… People Places Contexts Times Events
- 24. Interviewers sample… People Places Times
- 25. Content analysts sample… Media Dates
- 26. How many? • Qualitative researchers seek “saturation” – “How many” isn’t the issue. Do you understand the phenomenon? Have you learned enough? – Mere numbers are irrelevant. You want “verstehn” or deep understanding • Quantitative researchers seek statistical validity – Can you safely generalize to the population? Have you systematically excluded anyone? (See the “famous sampling mistake”!)
- 27. Improving Response Rates • Personalize the invitation • Offer money -- no strings attached!
- 28. Copernicus Consulting Design research and strategy http://www.copernicusconsulting.net