Physical Models of LENR Processes Using the BSM-SG Atomic Models

WORLD INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION
STOYAN SARG 2014 4rth International Conference Nanotek & Expo 1
Physical Models of LENR Processes Using the
BSM-SG Atomic Models
Stoyan Sarg Sargoytchev,
Toronto, Canada
www.helical-structures.org http://vixra.org/author/stoyan_sarg

The observed large energy in some LENR processes require a new
physical understanding
• Quantum mechanics (QM) cannot predicts some processes in
LENR QM by definition work only with energy levels. The
overcoming of Coulomb barrier is unexplainable problem in QM.
• Nanotechnology and particular LENR need of some
complimentary theory that deals with a physical dimension of length.
• A new methodological examination of scattering experiments leads
to the conclusion that the data interpretation is strongly dependent
on the assumptions that all particles including the nuclei are
spherical
Reference: http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays/View/5281
• The atomic models derived in the BSM-SG theory shows that a nonspherical shape of
nucleus may have the same data from scattering experiments.
• BSM-SG reveals existence of a space microcurvature around the atomic nucleus. This
explains why QM mechanics cannot work with a dimension of length. QM models works
with energy considering a linear space.
• Conclusion: QM is a mathematical model only. Understanding the LENR processes
requires a complimentary theoretical model dealing with the dimension of length.
Recent advances in LENR open a new field in nanotechnology

• Protons and neutrons possess one and a same superdens matter having only a different
external shape.
• At close distance they interact with Super Gravitational (SG) forces which appear as
nuclear forces.
•According to BSM-SG, the superdense nuclear matter makes a space microcurvature.
Nuclear reactions causes a change of this micro-curvature and the energy stored in the
lattice structure of physical vacuum is released as nuclear energy. The stored energy is
equal to the mass deficit expressed by the Einstein equation E = mc2.
BSM-SG models of atomic nuclei as 3D fractal formations of protons and neutrons
Fig. 1 Simple atomic nuclei
FSG = GSGm0
2/r3 - Supergravitation Law (SG forces are detectable as Casimir Forces)
Proton and neutron posses one and the
same superdens material structure but
with a different shape
proton a twisted torus with externally
detectable E-field
neutron a double folded torus with a
proximity locked electrical field

Panel 3. Atomic nuclei of second and third rows of the Periodic Table and magnetic field
interactions between the electron orbitals
Note: The principal chemical
valence increases with z-number
until the deuterons (protons) from
the two poles are at different
planes passing through the polar
axis. In further z increase the
deuterons (protons) are bound at
equatorial region and excluded
from principal valence. At noble
gases all deuterons are bound at
equatorial region by SG forces
and excluded from any chemical
valence.
Magnetic field interactions between the different orbitals
in atoms and molecules

Atomic nuclei of some selected elements
Types of nuclear bonds
(Chapter 8 of BSM-SG)
Panel 2. Build-up trend of protons and neutrons apparent from Periodic table

a. TEAM microscope image of a single wall Carbon sheet
b. Processed image showing a signature of 2 parallel planes
Panel 4. BSM-SG atomic models and nanotechnology
Example of analysis of Single sheet graphene
Note:
The plane of P1 & P2 is perpendicular to the
plane of P3 &P4. This provides a slight
displacement of the locations of the electronic
orbits. This feature is detectable by the TEAM
microscope.
Nanotube, Courtesy of A.
Javey et al. Nano Lett., 4,
1319, (2004

• BSM-SG models exhibit an angular restrictions
of the chemical bonds corresponding to the
VSEPR models in chemistry. They show why the
three atomic molecule of H2O is bent, while CO2
is linear.
• BSM-SG shows that the Brown gas (HHO)
molecule is a different state of H2O molecules. Its
FIR spectra is different and its quantum energy
estimated by the BSM-SG models is greater that
the ordinary water molecule.
(Left) A cluster of three water molecules. The
existence of this cluster is proofed by FIR
spectroscopy.
Panel 5. Graphycal modeling of in simple molecules

Panel 6. Modeling of Colloidal silver nanopyramids using the BSM-SG models
Supergravitational forces play a very important role in nanotechnology
Silver nanoparticles. Courtesy of R. Jin et al.
Nature, 2003 Oct 2;425(6957):487-90.
The trend continues in the upper level fractal formations in XY plane and in Z axes as stacks. This
leads to formation of triangular prisms in the nanoscale range.

Panel 7. A Coulomb barrier of the atomic nucleus formed by the near
proximity fields of protons and neutrons.

Panel 8. Rydberg state and Rydberg matter in EM activated plasma
The Rydberg matter from hydrogen or deuterium exhibits a strong EM signature (experimentally observed)
The anomalous magnetic
momentum of the electron at its
confined motion velocity of 13.6
eV provides a constant driving
momentum. This provides a
significant driving momentum to
the Rydberg atom due to the
helical trace of the electron.
This momentum become much
more stable if an external
magnetic field is applied.

Panel 9. Nuclear fusion in plasma involving the Rydberg state of hydrogen
Conclusion: The magnetic field of the Rydberg hydrogen (or deuteron) interact constructively with
the internal shell electrons of Ni nuclei that are in a proper spin state. This provides a proper
alignment of hydrogen with the Ni nucleus and overcoming the Coulomb barrier.
Detailed analysis of (Ni + H) LENR: http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays/View/5281
This graphical modeling illustrates
the proton capture reported by
Focardi and Rossi for the reactions:
S. Focardi and A. Rossi, A new energy source
from nuclear fusion, 2010.
Some nuclear transmutations reported by
Defkalion group, by using a plasma method
also may involve a proton capture due to the
Rydberg state of hydrogen.
Two effective mechanisms for producing a
Rydberg state of hydrogen (or deuterium) are
known: (1) electromagnetic - by plasma
discharge or microwave radiation, (2) by beta or
gamma emitting isotopes.
62 63
64 65
5.6
6.9
Ni p Cu MeV
Ni p Cu MeV
  
  

• The analysis of H2 and D2 spectra using BSM-SG models allows to determine the
product CSG of the SG law (§9.7 of BSM-SG).
• The obtained constant was verified by theoretical estimate of the binding energy of
deuterium nucleus, using a simplified method. The obtained value is 2.158 (MeV).
(The experimental value is 2.2246 (MeV).
• Based on the derived CSG factor and the fact that the protons and neutrons have
equal SG masses a method is developed for evaluation the change of the center of
the nuclear SG mass of the heavier element before and after the fusion.
• The method uses the following input data
- total binding energy of the heavier elements before and after the fusion
- CSG product constant
- number of nucleons (protons and neutrons)
- fine structure constant (appears to be involved in derivation of CSG)
- binding energy per nucleon – takes into account the hidden energy of the space
microcurvature responsible for the mass deficit
• The calculated change of the center of the SG mass permits to find out where the
nucleus of the lighter element (hydrogen or deuteriun) is bound to the heavier nucleus
• The method is presented in §1.4.1. of the book Structural Physics of Nuclear Fusion
and examples are provided in Table 3.2 of the book.
][102651.5 3332
0 NmmGC SGSG



Calculated distances between the recipient and receptive nuclei for
some achieved and predicted nuclear fusion reactions

Panel 10. BSM-SG analysis of the LENR transmutations reported by Yasuhiro Iwamura (2012)
Our analysis predicts deuteron capture processes involving a Rydberg state of deuteron.
2
44 48
20 22
D
Ca Ti
4
88 96
38 42
D
Sr Mo
6
137 149
56 62
D
Ba Sm

Panel 11. Graphical modeling of some nuclear transmutations and cold fusion reactions
Pd + D Ag
Ni + H Cu
Cr + H Mn
Using the derived SG product GSGmo
2
a method is developed for estimation of the bound position of a proton or deuteron to
the recipient nucleus, by calculating the shift of the center of mass. (“Structural Physics of Nuclear Fusion” (§1.4).
(Exp.
Verified,by
Rossi &
Focardi)
(Exp. Verified) (Experimentally verified, Taleyarkhan et al., 2008)
(Predicted
by Sarg)
(predicted)

Panel 12. Explanation of the neutron emission effect from 7Li bound to a proper metal lattice
due to a Coulomb field distortion caused by energetic positive ions.
• The neutron emission effect is observed by a few researchers, when 7Li is bound to a palladium surface
loaded with deuterium or hydrogen and activated by some processes (heating, arc discharge and etc.)
7Li isotope with undisturbed Coulomb field
A disturbed Coulomb field of 7Li isotope. It must be attached to a metal lattice. The close or impact
with an energetic proton will cause instability between the strong nuclear forces and Coulomb forces
of the 7Li nucleus and this could lead to emission of one neutron.
• Li has the lowest binding energy per nucleon
References (for neutron emission of 7Li )
M. Nakada et al., “Frontiers of cold fusion”, 1992, Japan;
Thomas Passel, 10th Ann. Conference on Cold Fusion, 2003;
Edmund Storms, Infinite Energy, 2002.
7 6H
Li Li n 

  

Panel 13. BSM-SG analysis of migration of Lithium to Pd and Ni metal surface
• The penetration of Li in
the porous Pd is
experimentally observed
• The BSM-SG models
shows an important
similarity between Pd and
Ni nuclei
Conclusions:
• The attraction of lithium to the boundary surface of palladium and nickel is cause by
magnetic interactions between the aligned electronic orbitals.
• A Coulomb barrier disturbance of 58Ni and 7Li may lead to migration of one neutron
from 7Li to 58Ni.

Our analysis of E-cat test using the Lugano report data (G. Levi, E. Foschi and H. Essen), (2014)
• Change of isotopic ratio 7Li/6Li in Pd surface loaded with deuterium and hydrogen and a neutron
emission is reported by a number of researchers (T. G. Passel, M. Nagada et al., E. Storms, Y. Oya et al. etc).
Fuel Ashes
6
Li (5.9 mg) -> 6
Li (57.5 mg)
7
Li (94.1 mg) -> 7
Li (42.5 mg)
58
Ni (27.6 mg) -> 58
Ni (0.3 mg)
60
Ni (27.6 mg) -> 60
Ni (0.3 mg)
61
Ni (1.3 mg) -> 61
Ni (0 mg)
62
Ni (4.2 mg) -> 61
Ni (99.3 mg)
Anticipated reactions using BSM-SG models
7 6
58 59
59 60
60 61
61 62
(1)
(*) (2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
H
Li Li n
Ni n Ni
Ni n Ni
Ni n Ni
Ni n Ni






  
  
  
  
  
Test data
• The LiAlH4 hydrate becomes decomposed at high temperature, so 6Li and 7Li become stacked to
the metal lattice surface of Ni.
• The positive hydrogen ion (proton) might play a role of a catalyst in reaction (1)
• The trace of 59Ni may not be found since the reaction (2) is intermediate
• The reactions (3) & (4) are also intermediate leading to the stable isotope 62Ni at (5)
• The neutrons emitted by 7Li could be slow because part of energy is carried by thebouncing H+.
They could be also slowed due to a scattering within the Ni powder (the same is valid for the  rays).
• According to BSM-SG a nuclear energy comes from the change of the space microcurvature around
the nucleus. This causes a mass reduction, known as a mass deficit, which can be estimated by the
Einstein equation E = mc2. As a result, we get nuclear energy in both processes: fission and fusion.

Conclusion about LENR processes with potential for nuclear energy
• Our analysis of the third party E-cat tests leads to the conclusion that Andrea
Rossi might have two different energetic LENR processes: one involving a
proton capture (discussed in our article in General Science journal) and another
one described in this talk, which involves a neutron emission and capture.
• The neutron emission and capture seams to be a better solution, since it uses
abundant natural isotopes and does not produce radioactive waste.
• The LENR processes invoked by activated plasma have a disadvantage that
they may produce some radioactive fission products.
• For neutron emission process the emitting isotope must be stacked to the
metal lattice of the neutron recipient element. The 7Li isotopes is the most
suitable one.
• Using the BSM-SG models we predict that chromium stable isotopes with
lithium also might be suitable for the neutron emission and capture process.
• The application of the BSM-SG models for LENR and the anticipated reaction
environment are discussed in my book “Structural Physics of Nuclear Fusion”

Potential application of the
BSM-SG atomic models.
• BSM-SG theory provides atomic models
with 3D geometry and dimensions.
• BSM-SG models permits classical
explanations of the boundary size of excited
states, nuclear spin, angular restriction of
chemical bonds and mutual magnetic
interactions between orbitals.
• The Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures
(ANS) provides BSM-SG models for the
elements in the range 1<Z<103, using
symbolic shapes for protons and neutrons.
The derived models perfectly match the
shape of the Periodic table.
• BSM-SG models could be used for 3D
graphical modeling in chemistry,
nanotechnology and LENR with a sub-
angstrom resolution
Selected articles available online:
http://vixra.org/author/stoyan_sarg

Physical Models of LENR Processes Using the BSM-SG Atomic Models

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